Viruses

2023-08-15 14:52| 来源: 网络整理| 查看: 265

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4.7 Journals Viruses

The Omicron Sub-Variant BA.4 Displays a Remarkable Lack of Clinical Signs in a Golden Syrian Hamster Model of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Journal Description Viruses Viruses is a peer-reviewed, open access journal of virology, published monthly online by MDPI. The American Society for Virology (ASV), Spanish Society for Virology (SEV), Canadian Society for Virology (CSV), Italian Society for Virology (SIV-ISV), Australasian Virology Society (AVS) and others are affiliated with Viruses and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges. Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions. High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, MEDLINE, PMC, Embase, PubAg, AGRIS, and other databases. Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Virology) / CiteScore - Q1 (Infectious Diseases) Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 15.8 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.5 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2023). Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done. Companion journals for Viruses include: COVID and Zoonotic Diseases. Impact Factor: 4.7 (2022); 5-Year Impact Factor: 4.8 (2022) subject Imprint Information get_app Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 1999-4915 Latest Articles get_app Open AccessArticle The Burden of Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) and Its Determinants among Adult HIV-Positive Individuals in Ethiopia by

Kidist Zealiyas,

Seifegebriel Teshome,

Nega Berhe,

Wondwossen Amogne,

Aklilu Feleke Haile,

Ebba Abate,

Getnet Yimer,

Christoph Weigel,

Elshafa Hassan Ahmed,

Tamrat Abebe and

Robert Baiocchi Viruses 2023, 15(8), 1743; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15081743 (registering DOI) - 15 Aug 2023 Abstract Background: Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a well-known risk factor for the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL), and Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). People with HIV infection (PWH) are at increased risk for EBV-associated malignancies such as HL and NHL. Nevertheless, there are limited [...] Read more. Background: Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a well-known risk factor for the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL), and Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). People with HIV infection (PWH) are at increased risk for EBV-associated malignancies such as HL and NHL. Nevertheless, there are limited data on the burden of EBV among this population group in Ethiopia. Hence, this study aimed to determine the burden of EBV infection among adult HIV-positive individuals in Ethiopia and assess the determinants of EBV DNA positivity. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study at the Tikur Anbessa Specialised Hospital from March 2020 to March 2021. Two hundred and sixty individuals were enrolled in this study, including 179 HIV-positive and 81 HIV-negative individuals. A structured questionnaire was used to capture demographic and individual attributes. In addition, the clinical data of patients were also retrieved from clinical records. EBV viral capsid antigen (VCA) IgG antibody was measured by multiplex flow immunoassay, and EBV DNA levels were tested by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) assays targeting the EBNA-1 open reading frame (ORF). Descriptive statistics were conducted to assess each study variable. A multivariable logistic regression model was applied to evaluate the determinants of EBV infection. Statistical significance was determined at a p-value < 0.05. Results: Two hundred and fifty-three (97.7%) study participants were seropositive for the EBV VCA IgG antibody. Disaggregated by HIV status, 99.4% of HIV-positive and 93.8% of HIV-negative participants were EBV seropositive. In this study, 49.7% of HIV-positive and 24.7% of HIV-negative individuals were EBV DNA positive. PWH had a higher risk of EBV DNA positivity at 3.05 times (AOR: 3.05, 95% CI: 1.40–6.67). Moreover, among PWH, those with an HIV viral load greater than 1000 RNA copies/mL (AOR = 5.81, 95% CI = 1.40, 24.13) had a higher likelihood of EBV DNA positivity. Conclusions: The prevalence of EBV among PWH was significantly higher than among HIV-negative individuals. Higher HIV viral loads in PWH were associated with an increased risk of EBV DNA positivity. Since the increases in the viral load of EBV DNA among PWH could be related to the risk of developing EBV-associated cancers, it is necessary for more research on the role of EBV in EBV-associated cancer in this population group to be carried out. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Epstein-Barr Virus and Associated Diseases) ►▼ Show Figures

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get_app Open AccessReview Rendezvous with Vaccinia Virus in the Post-smallpox Era: R&D Advances by

Yuxiang Wang Viruses 2023, 15(8), 1742; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15081742 (registering DOI) - 15 Aug 2023 Abstract Smallpox was eradicated in less than 200 years after Edward Jenner’s practice of cowpox variolation in 1796.The forty-three years of us living free of smallpox, beginning in 1979, never truly separated us from poxviruses. The recent outbreak of monkeypox in May 2022 might [...] Read more. Smallpox was eradicated in less than 200 years after Edward Jenner’s practice of cowpox variolation in 1796.The forty-three years of us living free of smallpox, beginning in 1979, never truly separated us from poxviruses. The recent outbreak of monkeypox in May 2022 might well warn us of the necessity in keeping up both the scientific research and public awareness of poxviruses. One of them in particular, the vaccinia virus (VACV), has been extensively studied as a vector given its broad host range, extraordinary thermal stability, and exceptional immunogenicity. Unceasing fundamental biological research on VACV provides us with a better understanding of its genetic elements, involvement in cellular signaling pathways, and modulation of host immune responses. This enables the rational design of safer and more efficacious next-generation vectors. To address the new technological advancement within the past decade in VACV research, this review covers the studies of viral immunomodulatory genes, modifications in commonly used vectors, novel mechanisms for rapid generation and purification of recombinant virus, and several other innovative approaches to studying its biology. Full article (This article belongs to the Section Viral Immunology, Vaccines, and Antivirals) ►▼ Show Figures

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get_app Open AccessArticle Effects of the Natural Flavonoid Quercetin on Arenavirus Junín Infection by

Aaron Ezequiel Alvarez De Lauro,

Miguel Angel Pelaez,

Agostina Belén Marquez,

Mariel Selene Wagner,

Luis Alberto Scolaro,

Cybele Carina García,

Elsa Beatriz Damonte and

Claudia Soledad Sepúlveda Viruses 2023, 15(8), 1741; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15081741 (registering DOI) - 15 Aug 2023 Abstract There is no specific chemotherapy approved for the treatment of pathogenic arenaviruses that cause severe hemorrhagic fever (HF) in the population of endemic regions in America and Africa. The present study reports the effects of the natural flavonoid quercetin (QUER) on the infection [...] Read more. There is no specific chemotherapy approved for the treatment of pathogenic arenaviruses that cause severe hemorrhagic fever (HF) in the population of endemic regions in America and Africa. The present study reports the effects of the natural flavonoid quercetin (QUER) on the infection of A549 and Vero cells with Junín virus (JUNV), agent of the Argentine HF. By infectivity assays, a very effective dose-dependent reduction of JUNV multiplication was shown by cell pretreatment at 2–6 h prior to the infection at non-cytotoxic concentrations, with 50% effective concentration values in the range of 6.1–7.5 µg/mL. QUER was also active by post-infection treatment but with minor efficacy. Mechanistic studies indicated that QUER mainly affected the early steps of virus adsorption and internalization in the multiplication cycle of JUNV. Treatment with QUER blocked the phosphorylation of Akt without changes in the total protein expression, detected by Western blot, and the consequent perturbation of the PI3K/Akt pathway was also associated with the fluorescence redistribution from membrane to cytoplasm of TfR1, the cell receptor recognized by JUNV. Then, it appears that the cellular antiviral state, induced by QUER treatment, leads to the prevention of JUNV entry into the cell. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Arenaviruses 2023) ►▼ Show Figures

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get_app Open AccessArticle Real-Life Experience on Dolutegravir and Lamivudine as Initial or Switch Therapy in a Silver Population Living with HIV by

Maria Mazzitelli,

Lolita Sasset,

Samuele Gardin,

Davide Leoni,

Mattia Trunfio,

Vincenzo Scaglione,

Daniele Mengato,

Elena Agostini,

Eleonora Vania,

Cristina Putaggio and

Annamaria Cattelan Viruses 2023, 15(8), 1740; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15081740 (registering DOI) - 15 Aug 2023 Abstract Background: Clinical trials and real-life studies have granted the efficacy and safety of dolutegravir and lamivudine (DTG/3TC) in naïve and experienced people living with HIV (PLWH), but there are no long-term data in elderly people. We herein describe our real-life cohort of PLWH [...] Read more. Background: Clinical trials and real-life studies have granted the efficacy and safety of dolutegravir and lamivudine (DTG/3TC) in naïve and experienced people living with HIV (PLWH), but there are no long-term data in elderly people. We herein describe our real-life cohort of PLWH who were ≥65 years of age (PLWH ≥ 65) who started or were switched to DTG/3TC, single-tablet regimen, or DTG plus 3TC. Methods: We considered laboratory/clinical parameter changes from the baseline to the last follow-up time point available for each person by the paired Wilcoxon test and analyzed factors associated with virological failure (VF) and discontinuation. Results: We included 112 PLWH with a median age of 66 (IQR: 65–70) years, 77.6% males; 84.8% of people had multimorbidity, 34.8% were on polypharmacy, and only 5.4% were naïve to treatment. Reasons to be switched to DTG/3TC were: abacavir removal (38.7%), treatment simplification (33.1%), and PI discontinuation (28.2%). The median treatment durability was 6 (IQR: 5.4–7) years. No significant changes were detected in metabolic, renal, immunological, or cardiovascular biomarkers during follow-up. HIV RNA undetectability was maintained in 104 (92.8%) individuals for whom follow-up evaluation was available. We observed eight discontinuations (two deaths, two VFs, two early intolerances, one significant weight gain, and one switch to long-acting therapy). No factors were significantly associated with VF or discontinuation. Conclusions: This is the first study on DTG/3TC in PLWH ≥ 65 with a follow-up longer than 5 years. DTG/3TC was found to be safe and effective, neutral on metabolic parameters, and with a low discontinuation rate for toxicity or VF. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Efficacy and Safety of Antiviral Therapy 2nd Edition) attachment Supplementary material: Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 91 KiB) get_app Open AccessArticle Cheminformatics Strategies Unlock Marburg Virus VP35 Inhibitors from Natural Compound Library by

Isra M. Alsaady,

Leena H. Bajrai,

Thamir A. Alandijany,

Hattan S. Gattan,

Mai M. El-Daly,

Sarah A. Altwaim,

Rahaf T. Alqawas,

Vivek Dhar Dwivedi and

Esam I. Azhar Viruses 2023, 15(8), 1739; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15081739 (registering DOI) - 15 Aug 2023 Abstract The Ebola virus and its close relative, the Marburg virus, both belong to the family Filoviridae and are highly hazardous and contagious viruses. With a mortality rate ranging from 23% to 90%, depending on the specific outbreak, the development of effective antiviral interventions [...] Read more. The Ebola virus and its close relative, the Marburg virus, both belong to the family Filoviridae and are highly hazardous and contagious viruses. With a mortality rate ranging from 23% to 90%, depending on the specific outbreak, the development of effective antiviral interventions is crucial for reducing fatalities and mitigating the impact of Marburg virus outbreaks. In this investigation, a virtual screening approach was employed to evaluate 2042 natural compounds for their potential interactions with the VP35 protein of the Marburg virus. Average and worst binding energies were calculated for all 20 poses, and compounds that exhibited binding energies

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get_app Open AccessBrief Report Ursodeoxycholic Acid Does Not Improve COVID-19 Outcome in Hospitalized Patients by

Francesca Colapietro,

Giovanni Angelotti,

Chiara Masetti,

Dana Shiffer,

Nicola Pugliese,

Stella De Nicola,

Francesco Carella,

Antonio Desai,

Monica Ormas,

Marta Calatroni,

Paolo Omodei,

Michele Ciccarelli,

Stefano Aliberti,

Francesco Reggiani,

Michele Bartoletti,

Maurizio Cecconi,

Ana Lleo,

Alessio Aghemo and

Antonio Voza Viruses 2023, 15(8), 1738; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15081738 (registering DOI) - 14 Aug 2023 Abstract Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) was demonstrated to reduce susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro and improve infection course in chronic liver diseases. However, real-life evidence is lacking. We analyzed the impact of UDCA on COVID-19 outcomes in patients hospitalized in a tertiary center. Between [...] Read more. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) was demonstrated to reduce susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro and improve infection course in chronic liver diseases. However, real-life evidence is lacking. We analyzed the impact of UDCA on COVID-19 outcomes in patients hospitalized in a tertiary center. Between January 2020 and January 2023, among 3847 patients consecutively hospitalized for COVID19, 57 (=UDCA group) were taking UDCA. The UDCA and the control groups (n = 3790) did not differ concerning comorbidities including diabetes mellitus type 2 (15.8% vs. 12.8%) and neoplasia (12.3% vs. 9.4%). Liver diseases and vaccination rate were more common in the UDCA group (14.0% vs. 2.5% and 54.4% vs. 30.2%, respectively). Overall mortality and CPAP treatment were 22.8 % and 15.7% in the UDCA, and 21.3% and 25.9% in the control group. Mortality was similar (p = 0.243), whereas UDCA was associated with a lower rate of CPAP treatment (OR = 0.76, p < 0.05). Treatment with UDCA was not an independent predictor of survival in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. Full article (This article belongs to the Section SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19) ►▼ Show Figures

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get_app Open AccessArticle Survival of Bacteriophage T4 in Quasi-Pure Ionic Solutions by

Seiko Hara and

Isao Koike Viruses 2023, 15(8), 1737; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15081737 - 14 Aug 2023 Abstract The preservative qualities of individual ionic compounds impacting the infectivity of T4 virions were elucidated. T4 virions were immersed in quasi-pure ionic solutions prior to the adsorption process, and the plaque forming unit (pfu) values of these were measured following the conventional method. [...] Read more. The preservative qualities of individual ionic compounds impacting the infectivity of T4 virions were elucidated. T4 virions were immersed in quasi-pure ionic solutions prior to the adsorption process, and the plaque forming unit (pfu) values of these were measured following the conventional method. In neutral ionic solutions, the minimum and the optimum concentrations of preservative qualities corresponded with the results obtained from the multi-ionic media/buffers. In acid and alkali solutions, phages show tolerances at a pH range of 5–11 in multi-ionic media/buffers. T4 virions show no tolerance in quasi-pure acid, neutral, and weak alkaline conditions. The preservative quality of T4 virions increased in over 10−1 mM OH− solution, equivalent to a pH value over 10, which corresponds to the pKa of the deprotonation of the DNA bases G and T. Infectivity was lost below 10−1 mM OH− and higher than 10 mM OH−. These results imply that maintaining infectivity of a virion may need the flexibility of the intra-capsid DNA by deprotonation. Full article (This article belongs to the Section Bacterial Viruses) ►▼ Show Figures

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get_app Open AccessReview Genetic Engineering and Biosynthesis Technology: Keys to Unlocking the Chains of Phage Therapy by

Sixuan Lv,

Yuhan Wang,

Kaixin Jiang,

Xinge Guo,

Jing Zhang,

Fang Zhou,

Qiming Li,

Yuan Jiang,

Changyong Yang and

Tieshan Teng Viruses 2023, 15(8), 1736; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15081736 - 14 Aug 2023 Abstract Phages possess the ability to selectively eliminate pathogenic bacteria by recognizing bacterial surface receptors. Since their discovery, phages have been recognized for their potent bactericidal properties, making them a promising alternative to antibiotics in the context of rising antibiotic resistance. However, the rapid [...] Read more. Phages possess the ability to selectively eliminate pathogenic bacteria by recognizing bacterial surface receptors. Since their discovery, phages have been recognized for their potent bactericidal properties, making them a promising alternative to antibiotics in the context of rising antibiotic resistance. However, the rapid emergence of phage-resistant strains (generally involving temperature phage) and the limited host range of most phage strains have hindered their antibacterial efficacy, impeding their full potential. In recent years, advancements in genetic engineering and biosynthesis technology have facilitated the precise engineering of phages, thereby unleashing their potential as a novel source of antibacterial agents. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the diverse strategies employed for phage genetic engineering, as well as discuss their benefits and drawbacks in terms of bactericidal effect. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Viruses versus Bacteria—Novel Approaches to Phage Therapy as a Tool against Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens) ►▼ Show Figures

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attachment Supplementary material: Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 155 KiB) get_app Open AccessArticle Clinical Validity of a Machine Learning Decision Support System for Early Detection of Hepatitis B Virus: A Binational External Validation Study by

Busayo I. Ajuwon,

Alice Richardson,

Katrina Roper and

Brett A. Lidbury Viruses 2023, 15(8), 1735; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15081735 - 14 Aug 2023 Abstract HepB LiveTest is a machine learning decision support system developed for the early detection of hepatitis B virus (HBV). However, there is a lack of evidence on its generalisability. In this study, we aimed to externally assess the clinical validity and portability of [...] Read more. HepB LiveTest is a machine learning decision support system developed for the early detection of hepatitis B virus (HBV). However, there is a lack of evidence on its generalisability. In this study, we aimed to externally assess the clinical validity and portability of HepB LiveTest in predicting HBV infection among independent patient cohorts from Nigeria and Australia. The performance of HepB LiveTest was evaluated by constructing receiver operating characteristic curves and estimating the area under the curve. Delong’s method was used to estimate the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUROC). Compared to the Australian cohort, patients in the derivation cohort of HepB LiveTest and the hospital-based Nigerian cohort were younger (mean age, 45.5 years vs. 38.8 years vs. 40.8 years, respectively; p < 0.001) and had a higher incidence of HBV infection (1.9% vs. 69.4% vs. 57.3%). In the hospital-based Nigerian cohort, HepB LiveTest performed optimally with an AUROC of 0.94 (95% CI, 0.91–0.97). The model provided tailored predictions that ensured most cases of HBV infection did not go undetected. However, its discriminatory measure dropped to 0.60 (95% CI, 0.56–0.64) in the Australian cohort. These findings indicate that HepB LiveTest exhibits adequate cross-site transportability and clinical validity in the hospital-based Nigerian patient cohort but shows limited performance in the Australian cohort. Whilst HepB LiveTest holds promise for reducing HBV prevalence in underserved populations, caution is warranted when implementing the model in older populations, particularly in regions with low incidence of HBV infection. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology and Diagnostics of Hepatitis Viruses) ►▼ Show Figures

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get_app Open AccessArticle Burden of Chikungunya Virus Infection during an Outbreak in Myanmar by

Mya Myat Ngwe Tun,

Aung Kyaw Kyaw,

Khine Mya Nwe,

Su Su Myaing,

Ye Thu Win,

Shingo Inoue,

Yuki Takamatsu,

Takeshi Urano,

Hlaing Myat Thu,

Saw Wutt Hmone,

Kyaw Zin Thant and

Kouichi Morita Viruses 2023, 15(8), 1734; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15081734 - 14 Aug 2023 Abstract Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection is a re-emerging arboviral disease with no approved vaccine, although numerous options are in development. Before vaccine implementation, disease burden, affected age group, and hospitalization rate information should be documented. In 2019, a sizeable outbreak of the East Central [...] Read more. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection is a re-emerging arboviral disease with no approved vaccine, although numerous options are in development. Before vaccine implementation, disease burden, affected age group, and hospitalization rate information should be documented. In 2019, a sizeable outbreak of the East Central South African genotype of CHIKV occurred in Myanmar, and during this period, a cross-sectional study was conducted in two regions, Mandalay and Yangon, to examine the molecular and seropositivity rate of the CHIKV infection. The participants (1124) included dengue-suspected pediatric patients, blood donors, and healthy volunteers, who were assessed using molecular assays (quantitative real-time RT-PCR), serological tests (anti-CHIKV IgM capture and IgG indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays), and neutralization tests. The tests confirmed the following positivity rates: 11.3% (127/1124) for the molecular assay, 12.4% (139/1124) for the anti-CHIKV IgM Ab, 44.5% (500/1124) for the anti-CHIKV IgG Ab, and 46.3% (520/1124) for the CHIKV neutralizing Ab. The highest rate for the molecular test occurred with the dengue-suspected pediatric patients. The seroprevalence rate through natural infection was higher in the healthy volunteers and blood donors than that in the pediatric patients. The results of this study will help stakeholders determine the criteria for choosing appropriate recipients when a CHIKV vaccine is introduced in Myanmar. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Arbovirus Diagnostics) ►▼ Show Figures

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attachment Supplementary material: Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 412 KiB) get_app Open AccessArticle Efficacy, Pharmacokinetics, and Toxicity Profiles of a Broad Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody by

Silvia Godínez-Palma,

Edith González-González,

Frida Ramírez-Villedas,

Circe Garzón-Guzmán,

Luis Vallejo-Castillo,

Gregorio Carballo-Uicab,

Gabriel Marcelín-Jiménez,

Dany Batista,

Sonia M. Pérez-Tapia and

Juan C. Almagro Viruses 2023, 15(8), 1733; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15081733 - 14 Aug 2023 Abstract We recently reported the isolation and characterization of an anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody, called IgG-A7, that protects transgenic mice expressing the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE-2) from an infection with SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan. We show here that IgG-A7 protected 100% of the transgenic mice infected with [...] Read more. We recently reported the isolation and characterization of an anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody, called IgG-A7, that protects transgenic mice expressing the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE-2) from an infection with SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan. We show here that IgG-A7 protected 100% of the transgenic mice infected with Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.529) at doses of 0.5 and 5 mg/kg, respectively. In addition, we studied the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile and toxicology (Tox) of IgG-A7 in CD-1 mice at single doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg. The PK parameters at these high doses were proportional to the doses, with serum half-life of ~10.5 days. IgG-A7 was well tolerated with no signs of toxicity in urine and blood samples, nor in histopathology analyses. Tissue cross-reactivity (TCR) with a panel of mouse and human tissues showed no evidence of IgG-A7 interaction with the tissues of these species, supporting the PK/Tox results and suggesting that, while IgG-A7 has a broad efficacy profile, it is not toxic in humans. Thus, the information generated in the CD-1 mice as a PK/Tox model complemented with the mouse and human TCR, could be of relevance as an alternative to Non-Human Primates (NHPs) in rapidly emerging viral diseases and/or quickly evolving viruses such as SARS-CoV-2. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies 2.0) ►▼ Show Figures

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get_app Open AccessSystematic Review Current ARTs, Virologic Failure, and Implications for AIDS Management: A Systematic Review by

Frank Eric Tatsing Foka and

Hazel Tumelo Mufhandu Viruses 2023, 15(8), 1732; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15081732 - 13 Aug 2023 Abstract Antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) have revolutionized the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, significantly improved patient outcomes, and reduced the mortality rate and incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, despite the remarkable efficacy of ART, virologic failure remains a challenge in the [...] Read more. Antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) have revolutionized the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, significantly improved patient outcomes, and reduced the mortality rate and incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, despite the remarkable efficacy of ART, virologic failure remains a challenge in the long-term management of HIV-infected individuals. Virologic failure refers to the persistent detectable viral load in patients receiving ART, indicating an incomplete suppression of HIV replication. It can occur due to various factors, including poor medication adherence, drug resistance, suboptimal drug concentrations, drug interactions, and viral factors such as the emergence of drug-resistant strains. In recent years, extensive efforts have been made to understand and address virologic failure in order to optimize treatment outcomes. Strategies to prevent and manage virologic failure include improving treatment adherence through patient education, counselling, and supportive interventions. In addition, the regular monitoring of viral load and resistance testing enables the early detection of treatment failure and facilitates timely adjustments in ART regimens. Thus, the development of novel antiretroviral agents with improved potency, tolerability, and resistance profiles offers new options for patients experiencing virologic failure. However, new treatment options would also face virologic failure if not managed appropriately. A solution to virologic failure requires a comprehensive approach that combines individualized patient care, robust monitoring, and access to a range of antiretroviral drugs. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Current ART, Virologic Failure and Implications for HIV Drug Resistance) ►▼ Show Figures

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get_app Open AccessArticle Epidemiological Characteristics and Economic Burden of Dengue in Zhejiang Province, China by

Yi Yu,

Ying Liu,

Feng Ling,

Jimin Sun and

Jianmin Jiang Viruses 2023, 15(8), 1731; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15081731 - 13 Aug 2023 Abstract Dengue imposes a heavy economic burden on families and society. We used surveillance data reported in 2019 to characterize the dengue epidemic in Zhejiang Province, China, which provided guidance for dengue prevention and control. Dengue epidemics mostly occurred in July to October. People [...] Read more. Dengue imposes a heavy economic burden on families and society. We used surveillance data reported in 2019 to characterize the dengue epidemic in Zhejiang Province, China, which provided guidance for dengue prevention and control. Dengue epidemics mostly occurred in July to October. People aged 30–44 years, males, and commercial service workers were more likely to suffer from dengue. The epidemic areas were mainly in Hangzhou and Wenzhou. Meanwhile, we assessed the economic cost of dengue in the province from both family and organizational perspectives. The direct economic burden of dengue patients was estimated to be USD 405,038.25, and the indirect economic burden was USD 140,364.90, for a total economic burden of USD 543,213.00. The direct economic burden of dengue patients should be reduced by increasing the coverage and reimbursement of health insurance. Additionally, the total annual cost of dengue prevention and control for the government and organizational sectors was estimated to be USD 7075,654.83. Quantifying the dengue burden is critical for developing disease control strategies, allocating public health resources, and setting health policy priorities. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Vectors for Insect Viruses) ►▼ Show Figures

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get_app Open AccessReview Non-Invasive Measurement of Hepatic Fibrosis by Transient Elastography: A Narrative Review by

Luca Rinaldi,

Chiara Giorgione,

Andrea Mormone,

Francesca Esposito,

Michele Rinaldi,

Massimiliano Berretta,

Raffaele Marfella and

Ciro Romano Viruses 2023, 15(8), 1730; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15081730 - 13 Aug 2023 Abstract Transient elastography by FibroScan® (Echosens, Paris, France) is a non-invasive method that can provide a reliable measurement of liver fibrosis through the evaluation of liver stiffness. Despite its limitations and risks, liver biopsy has thus far been the only procedure able to [...] Read more. Transient elastography by FibroScan® (Echosens, Paris, France) is a non-invasive method that can provide a reliable measurement of liver fibrosis through the evaluation of liver stiffness. Despite its limitations and risks, liver biopsy has thus far been the only procedure able to provide data to quantify fibrosis. Scientific evidence and clinical practice have made it possible to use FibroScan® in the diagnostic work-up of several liver diseases to monitor patients’ long-term treatment response and for complication prevention. For these reasons, this procedure is widely used in clinical practice and is still being investigated for further applications. The aim of this narrative review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the main applications of transient elastography in the current clinical practice. Full article (This article belongs to the Section Human Virology and Viral Diseases) ►▼ Show Figures

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get_app Open AccessArticle Possible Association between Genetic Diversity of Hepatitis B Virus and Its Effect on the Detection Rate of Hepatitis B Virus DNA in the Placenta and Fetus by

Sirinart Sirilert,

Pattara Khamrin,

Kattareeya Kumthip,

Rungnapa Malasao,

Niwat Maneekarn and

Theera Tongsong Viruses 2023, 15(8), 1729; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15081729 - 12 Aug 2023 Abstract Background: The prevalence of HBV infection and HBV genotypes varies from country to country, and the role of HBV genotypes in the presence of HBV in the placenta and fetus has never been explored. This study was conducted to (1) identify HBV [...] Read more. Background: The prevalence of HBV infection and HBV genotypes varies from country to country, and the role of HBV genotypes in the presence of HBV in the placenta and fetus has never been explored. This study was conducted to (1) identify HBV genotypes, and their frequencies, that infected Northern Thai pregnant women; (2) evaluate the association between HBV genotypes and the detection rate of HBV DNA in the placenta and fetus; (3) evaluate the association between specific mutations of the HBV genome and HBV DNA detection in placental tissue; and (4) identify the mutation of the HBV genome that might occur between maternal blood, placenta, and cord blood. Methods: Stored samples of the maternal blood, placental tissue, and cord blood that were collected from 145 HBsAg-positive pregnant Thai women were analyzed to identify HBV DNA. Results: Approximately 25% of infected mothers had fetal HBV DNA detection, including cases with concomitant HBV DNA detection in the placenta (77.3%). A total of 11.7% of cases with placental detection had no HBV DNA detection in the maternal blood, indicating that the placenta could be a site of HBV accumulation. Of the 31 HBV-positive blood samples detected by nested PCR, the detected strains were subgenotype C1 (77.4%), subgenotype B9 (9.7%), and subgenotype C2, B2, B4, and recombinant B4/C2 (3.2% for each). Genotype B had a trend in increased risk of placental HBV DNA detection compared to genotype C, with a relative risk of 1.40 (95% CI: 1.07–1.84). No specific point mutation had a significant effect on HBV DNA detection in placental tissue. Mutation of C454T tended to enhance HBV DNA detection in placental tissue, whereas T400A tended to have a lower detection rate. No mutation was detected in different sample types collected from the same cases. Conclusions: HBV DNA detection in the fetus was identified in approximately 25% of HBV-positive mothers, associated with the presence of HBV in the placenta in most cases. The placenta could possibly be a site of HBV accumulation. Subgenotype C1 was the most common subgenotype, followed by subgenotype B9. HBV genotype B possibly had a higher trend in intrauterine detection than HBV genotype C. Mutation is unlikely to occur during intrauterine exposure. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Hepatitis B Virus: New Breakthroughs to Conquer an Ancient Disease) ►▼ Show Figures

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attachment Supplementary material: Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 8327 KiB) get_app Open AccessArticle Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Population Genetics from Samples Associated with Huanan Market and Early Cases Identifies Substitutions Associated with Future Variants of Concern by

Xiaofeng Dong and

Julian A. Hiscox Viruses 2023, 15(8), 1728; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15081728 - 12 Aug 2023 Abstract SARS-CoV-2 began spreading through human-to-human transmission first within China and then worldwide, with increasing sequence diversity associated with time and the further spread of the virus. The spillover events in the Huanan market were associated with two lineages of SARS-CoV-2 (lineages A and [...] Read more. SARS-CoV-2 began spreading through human-to-human transmission first within China and then worldwide, with increasing sequence diversity associated with time and the further spread of the virus. The spillover events in the Huanan market were associated with two lineages of SARS-CoV-2 (lineages A and B). Infecting virus populations and those in infected individuals consist of a dominant genomic sequence and minor genomic variants; these latter populations can indicate sites on the genome that may be subject to mutational changes—either neutral or advantageous sites and those that act as a reservoir for future dominant variants—when placed under selection pressure. The earliest deposited sequences with human infections associated with the Huanan market shared very close homology with each other and were all lineage B. However, there were minor genomic variants present in each sample that encompassed synonymous and non-synonymous changes. Fusion sequences characteristic of defective RNA were identified that could potentially link transmission chains between individuals. Although all the individuals appeared to have lineage B as the dominant sequence, nucleotides associated with lineage A could be found at very low frequencies. Several substitutions (but not deletions) associated with much later variants of concern (VoCs) were already present as minor genomic variants. This suggests that low-frequency substitutions at the start of a pandemic could be a reservoir of future dominant variants and/or provide information on potential sites within the genome associated with future plasticity. Full article (This article belongs to the Collection SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19) ►▼ Show Figures

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attachment Supplementary material: Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 176 KiB) get_app Open AccessArticle Predicting Factors of Plasma HIV RNA Undetectability after Switching to Co-Formulated Bictegravir, Emtricitabine, and Tenofovir Alafenamide in Experienced HIV-1 Patients: A Multicenter Study by

Monica Basso,

Giuliana Battagin,

Stefano Nicolè,

Maria Cristina Rossi,

Francesco Colombo,

Nicole Pirola,

Stefano Baratti,

Silvia Storato,

Federico Giovagnorio,

Vincenzo Malagnino,

Grazia Alessio,

Antonio Vinci,

Massimo Maurici,

Loredana Sarmati and

Saverio Giuseppe Parisi Viruses 2023, 15(8), 1727; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15081727 - 12 Aug 2023 Abstract Switching to bictegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide (BIC/FTC/TAF) from other antiretroviral regimens is safe and effective for virologically suppressed people living with HIV (PLWH). The term virological suppression includes both low but detectable HIV viremia and undetectable HIV viremia, and the latter is [...] Read more. Switching to bictegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide (BIC/FTC/TAF) from other antiretroviral regimens is safe and effective for virologically suppressed people living with HIV (PLWH). The term virological suppression includes both low but detectable HIV viremia and undetectable HIV viremia, and the latter is possibly associated with a lower immune activation state. Herein, we describe a 24-month follow-up of experienced PLWH with plasma HIV RNA undetectable or detectable < 50 copies/ml switching to BIC/FTC/TAF. A previous 12-month monitoring was available, and the factors correlated with treatment efficacy. This retrospective multicenter study included PLWH who switched to BIC/FTC/TAF in the period of 2019–2022, and who were HBsAg and HCV RNA negative. The follow-up study times were 6 (T6), 12 (T12), 18 (T18), and 24 (T24) months after the switch (T0). Survival analysis with multiple-failure-per-subject design, Kaplan–Meier survival estimates, multivariate analysis of variance, multilevel linear regression, and a hierarchical ordered logistic model were applied. A total of 329 PLWH had plasma HIV RNA which was either undetectable or detectable at

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attachment Supplementary material: Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 200 KiB) get_app Open AccessBrief Report Human Neutrophil Response to Pseudomonas Bacteriophage PAK_P1, a Therapeutic Candidate by

Dwayne R. Roach,

Benoît Noël,

Sylvie Chollet-Martin,

Mathieu de Jode,

Vanessa Granger,

Laurent Debarbieux and

Luc de Chaisemartin Viruses 2023, 15(8), 1726; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15081726 - 12 Aug 2023 Abstract The immune system offers several mechanisms of response to harmful microbes that invade the human body. As a first line of defense, neutrophils can remove pathogens by phagocytosis, inactivate them by the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or immobilize them by neutrophil [...] Read more. The immune system offers several mechanisms of response to harmful microbes that invade the human body. As a first line of defense, neutrophils can remove pathogens by phagocytosis, inactivate them by the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or immobilize them by neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Although recent studies have shown that bacteriophages (phages) make up a large portion of human microbiomes and are currently being explored as antibacterial therapeutics, neutrophilic responses to phages are still elusive. Here, we show that exposure of isolated human resting neutrophils to a high concentration of the Pseudomonas phage PAK_P1 led to a 2-fold increase in interleukin-8 (IL-8) secretion. Importantly, phage exposure did not induce neutrophil apoptosis or necrosis and did not further affect activation marker expression, oxidative burst, and NETs formation. Similarly, inflammatory stimuli-activated neutrophil effector responses were unaffected by phage exposure. Our work suggests that phages are unlikely to inadvertently cause excessive neutrophil responses that could damage tissues and worsen disease. Because IL-8 functions as a chemoattractant, directing immune cells to sites of infection and inflammation, phage-stimulated IL-8 production may modulate some host immune responses. Full article (This article belongs to the Section Bacterial Viruses) ►▼ Show Figures

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get_app Open AccessReview Hepatitis A Virus and Hepatitis E Virus as Food- and Waterborne Pathogens—Transmission Routes and Methods for Detection in Food by

Katalin Nemes,

Sofia Persson and

Magnus Simonsson Viruses 2023, 15(8), 1725; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15081725 - 12 Aug 2023 Abstract Foodborne viruses are an important threat to food safety and public health. Globally, there are approximately 5 million cases of acute viral hepatitis due to hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) every year. HAV is responsible for numerous food-related viral [...] Read more. Foodborne viruses are an important threat to food safety and public health. Globally, there are approximately 5 million cases of acute viral hepatitis due to hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) every year. HAV is responsible for numerous food-related viral outbreaks worldwide, while HEV is an emerging pathogen with a global health burden. The reported HEV cases in Europe have increased tenfold in the last 20 years due to its zoonotic transmission through the consumption of infected meat or meat products. HEV is considered the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide currently. This review focuses on the latest findings on the foodborne transmission routes of HAV and HEV and the methods for their detection in different food matrices. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology and Diagnostics of Hepatitis Viruses) get_app Open AccessReview Genetic Predictors of Comorbid Course of COVID-19 and MAFLD: A Comprehensive Analysis by

Mykhailo Buchynskyi,

Valentyn Oksenych,

Iryna Kamyshna,

Sandor G. Vari and

Aleksandr Kamyshnyi Viruses 2023, 15(8), 1724; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15081724 - 12 Aug 2023 Abstract Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and its potential impact on the severity of COVID-19 have gained significant attention during the pandemic. This review aimed to explore the genetic determinants associated with MAFLD, previously recognized as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and their potential [...] Read more. Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and its potential impact on the severity of COVID-19 have gained significant attention during the pandemic. This review aimed to explore the genetic determinants associated with MAFLD, previously recognized as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and their potential influence on COVID-19 outcomes. Various genetic polymorphisms, including PNPLA3 (rs738409), GCKR (rs780094), TM6SF2 (rs58542926), and LYPLAL1 (rs12137855), have been investigated in relation to MAFLD susceptibility and progression. Genome-wide association studies and meta-analyses have revealed associations between these genetic variants and MAFLD risk, as well as their effects on lipid metabolism, glucose regulation, and liver function. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests a possible connection between these MAFLD-associated polymorphisms and the severity of COVID-19. Studies exploring the association between indicated genetic variants and COVID-19 outcomes have shown conflicting results. Some studies observed a potential protective effect of certain variants against severe COVID-19, while others reported no significant associations. This review highlights the importance of understanding the genetic determinants of MAFLD and its potential implications for COVID-19 outcomes. Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms linking these genetic variants to disease severity and to develop gene profiling tools for the early prediction of COVID-19 outcomes. If confirmed as determinants of disease severity, these genetic polymorphisms could aid in the identification of high-risk individuals and in improving the management of COVID-19. Full article (This article belongs to the Section Viral Immunology, Vaccines, and Antivirals) ►▼ Show Figures

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